We evaluated L-PBF fabrication using water-atomized metal powder to reduce material costs and confirmed that it can achieve build quality and mechanical properties comparable to gas‑atomized powder. In addition, we analyzed the behavior of oxygen within the fabricated parts, clarifying material characteristics unique to water‑atomized powder.
This work aims to realize high‑quality metal additive manufacturing with low‑cost powder materials.

We successfully fabricated complex pure‑copper structures using a general‑purpose resin 3D printer with copper filament. This achievement opens up potential applications for heat sinks, heat exchangers, and other thermal management components.